References

1.      Pinker, S. Science Is Not Your Enemy: An impassioned plea to neglected novelists, embattled professors, and tenure-less historians. The New Republic. Posted on newrepublic.com August 6, 2013, accessed February 20, 2024. Emphasis added.

2.      Gould, S. J. 2002. The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 116–118.

3.      Coyne, J. 2009. Why Evolution Is True. New York, NY: Viking, 1.

4.      Godfrey-Smith, P. 2001. Chapter 11: Three Kinds of Adaptationism. In Adaptationism and Optimality. S. H. Orzack and E. Sober, eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 349–350.

5.      Noble, D. 2024. It’s time to admit that genes are not the blueprint for life. Nature. 626 (7998): 254–255. DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00327-x.

6.      Guliuzza, R. J. 2024. Why Biology Needs a Theory of Biological Design—Part 1. Acts & Facts. 53 (2): 4–7.

7.      Ayala, F. J. 2007. Darwin’s greatest discovery: Design without designer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104: 8567–8573.

8.      Natural Selection Part 1: A Darwinian Deception. Creation.Live Podcast. Institute for Creation Research. Posted on youtube.com June 24, 2022.

9.      Gould, The Structure of Evolutionary Theory, 161–162. Emphasis added.

10.  Kirschner, M. W. and J. C. Gerhart. 2005. The Plausibility of Life: Resolving Darwin’s Dilemma. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 3.

11.  Guliuzza, R. J. 2017. Engineered Adaptability: Adaptability via Nature or Design? What Evolutionists Say. Acts & Facts. 46 (9): 17–19.

12.  Gilbert, S. F. and D. Epel. 2009. Ecological Developmental Biology: Integrating Epigenetics, Medicine, and Evolution. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 370 and 407

 13.  Von Sachs, J. 1887. Lectures on the physiology of plants. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 10.

14.  Hanke, D. 2004. Teleology: The explanation that bedevils biology. In Explanations: Styles of Explanation in Science. J. Cornwell, ed. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 143–155

15.  Greaves, M. and C. C. Maley. 2012. Clonal Evolution in Cancer. Nature. 481: 306–313

SPIEGEL Interview with Evolution Philosopher Daniel Dennett: Darwinism Completely Refutes Intelligent Design. Der Spiegel. Posted on spiegel.de December 26, 2005, accessed March 3, 2024.

Gould, The Structure of Evolutionary Theory, 141–145.

* Dr. Guliuzza is president of the Institute for Creation Research. He earned his Doctor of Medicine from the University of Minnesota, his Master of Public Health from Harvard University, and served in the U.S. Air Force as 28th Bomb Wing Flight Surgeon and Chief of Aerospace Medicine. Dr. Guliuzza is also a registered professional engineer and holds a B.A. in theology from Moody Bible Institute.

Cite this article: Randy J. Guliuzza, P.E., M.D. 2024. Why Biology Needs A Theory of Biological Design—Part 2. Acts & Facts. 53 (5).